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Vaccine Ingredients
Squalene

Chemical Analysis

Squalene:C30H50, an Adjuvant

Too dangerous for human use, Squalene is not licensed for use in the United States. Oil adjuvants like squalene have been ordinarily used to inflict diseases in animals – for experimentation and study. According to anthrax vaccine expert Gary Matsumoto and other reliable sources, the ...more

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1. "Autoimmunity induced by adjuvant hydrocarbon oil components of vaccine."
"Abstract: Adjuvant oils such as Bayol F (Incomplete Freund’s adjuvant: IFA) and squalene (MF59) have been used in human and veterinary vaccines despite poor understanding of their mechanisms of action. Nevertheless, the potential of adjuvant hydrocarbon oils to induce autoimmunity has implications in the use of oil adjuvants in human and veterinary vaccines as well as basic research."
Kuroda, et al, Science Direct; Volume 58, Issue 5, Pages 325-337 -- 6/1/2004

2. "Autoimmunity induced by adjuvant hydrocarbon oil components of vaccine."
"We have reported that a single intraperitoneal injection of the adjuvant oils pristane, IFA or squalene induces lupus-related autoantibodies… the potential of adjuvant hydrocarbon oils to induce autoimmunity has implications in the use of oil adjuvants in human and veterinary vaccines as well as basic research."
Kuroda Y, et al, Biomed Pharmacother;58(5):325-37 -- 6/1/2004

3. "Lessons from macrophagic myofasciitis: towards definition of a vaccine adjuvant-related syndrome."
"Multiple vaccinations performed over a short period of time in the Persian Gulf area have been recognized as the main risk factor for Gulf War syndrome. Moreover, the war vaccine against anthrax, which is administered in a 6-shot regimen and seems to be crucially involved, is adjuvanted by aluminium hydroxide and, possibly, squalene, another Th-2 adjuvant."
Gherardi, RK, Rev Neurol (Paris); 159(2): 162-4 -- 2/1/2003

4. "Antibodies to squalene in recipients of anthrax vaccine."
"Further analysis revealed that ASA were associated with specific lots of vaccine. These results suggest that the production of ASA in GWS patients is linked to the presence of squalene in certain lots of anthrax vaccine. "
Asa PB, et al, Exp Mol Pathol; 73(1): 19-27 -- 8/1/2002

5. "The arthritogenic adjuvant squalene does not accumulate in joints, but gives rise to pathogenic cells in both draining and non-draining lymph nodes."
"A single intradermal injection of the adjuvant-oil squalene induces T cell-mediated arthritis in DA rats. The chain of events leading from non-specific provocation of the immune system to arthritis, with clinical similarities to rheumatoid arthritis, is largely undetermined."
Holm, BC, et al, Clinical & Experimental Immunology; Volume 127 Page 430 Volume 127 Issue 3 -- 3/1/2002

6. "Immunization with the adjuvant MF59 induces macrophage trafficking and apoptosis."
"The mechanisms associated with the immunostimulatory activity of vaccine adjuvants are still poorly understood…. We propose that lymph node-resident dendritic cells can acquire antigen and MF59 (ssqualene) after intramuscular immunization by uptake of the apoptotic macrophages."
Dupuis M, et al, Eur J Imunol (10):2910-8 -- 10/31/2001

7. "Recruitment of pathogenic T cells to synovial tissues of rats injected intraarticularly with nonspecific agents."
"To study a role for T cells in nonspecifically induced arthritis, rats were injected intraarticularly into ankle joints with mineral oils including 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyltetracosane (squalene) and incomplete Freund's adjuvant. The results showed that moderate joint inflammation had developed by Day 6."
Yoshino S, et al, Cell Immunol; 158(2): 305-13 -- 10/15/1994

8. "Effect of oil composition on both adjuvant-induced arthritis and delayed hypersensitivity to purified protein derivative and peptidoglycans in various rat strains."
"Squalane (squalane-type adjuvant) produced severe arthritis with almost 100% incidence."
Kohashi, O., et al, Infect Immun. 17(2): 244-249 -- 8/1/1977

9. "Pilot evaluation of influenza virus vaccine (IVV) combined with adjuvant."
"The safety of licensed influenza virus vaccine (IVV) combined with a novel (adjuvant MF59 – squalene-- adjuvant emulsion). Ten healthy 23-30-year-old men were given a single intramuscular dose of IVV. All volunteers immunized with IVV/MF59-100 experienced moderate to severe local and systemic reactions which interfered with usual activities."
Keitel W, et al, Vaccine; 11(9): 909-13, 1993 -- 1/1/1900

10. "The Endogenous Adjuvant Squalene Can Induce a Chronic T-Cell-Mediated Arthritis in Rats"
"Squalene is a cholesterol precursor, which stimulates the immune system nonspecifically. We demonstrate that one intradermal injection of this adjuvant lipid can induce joint-specific inflammation in arthritis-prone DA rats. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses revealed erosion of bone and cartilage, and that development of polyarthritis coincided with infiltration of ß+ T cells."
Barbro, C. et al, American Journal of Pathology; 156:2057-2065 -- 1/1/1900

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